Importing libraries¶
import argparse
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.pyplot import imshow
import scipy.io
import scipy.misc
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import PIL
import tensorflow as tf
from keras import backend as K
from keras.layers import Input, Lambda, Conv2D
from keras.models import load_model, Model
from yolo_utils import read_classes, read_anchors, generate_colors, preprocess_image, draw_boxes, scale_boxes
from yad2k.models.keras_yolo import yolo_head, yolo_boxes_to_corners, preprocess_true_boxes, yolo_loss, yolo_body
%matplotlib inline
1 - Problem Statement¶
We are working on a self-driving car. As a critical component of this project, we would like to first build a car detection system. To collect data, we have mounted a camera to the hood (meaning the front) of the car, which takes pictures of the road ahead every few seconds while you drive around.
we have gathered all these images into a folder and have labelled them by drawing bounding boxes around every car we found.
If we have 80 classes that we want the object detector to recognize, we can represent the class label $c$ either as an integer from 1 to 80, or as an 80-dimensional vector (with 80 numbers) one component of which is 1 and the rest of which are 0.
In this tutorial, we will learn how "You Only Look Once" (YOLO) performs object detection, and then apply it to car detection. Because the YOLO model is very computationally expensive to train, we will load pre-trained weights for you to use.
2 - YOLO¶
"You Only Look Once" (YOLO) is a popular algorithm because it achieves high accuracy while also being able to run in real-time. This algorithm "only looks once" at the image in the sense that it requires only one forward propagation pass through the network to make predictions. After non-max suppression, it then outputs recognized objects together with the bounding boxes.
2.1 - Model details¶
Inputs and outputs¶
- The input is a batch of images, and each image has the shape (m, 608, 608, 3)
- The output is a list of bounding boxes along with the recognized classes. Each bounding box is represented by 6 numbers $(p_c, b_x, b_y, b_h, b_w, c)$ as explained above. If you expand $c$ into an 80-dimensional vector, each bounding box is then represented by 85 numbers.
Anchor Boxes¶
- Anchor boxes are chosen by exploring the training data to choose reasonable height/width ratios that represent the different classes. For this tutorial, 5 anchor boxes were chosen for us (to cover the 80 classes).
- The dimension for anchor boxes is the second to last dimension in the encoding: $(m, n_H,n_W,anchors,classes)$.
- The YOLO architecture is: IMAGE (m, 608, 608, 3) -> DEEP CNN -> ENCODING (m, 19, 19, 5, 85).
Encoding¶
If the center/midpoint of an object falls into a grid cell, that grid cell is responsible for detecting that object.
Since we are using 5 anchor boxes, each of the 19 x19 cells thus encodes information about 5 boxes. Anchor boxes are defined only by their width and height.
For simplicity, we will flatten the last two last dimensions of the shape (19, 19, 5, 85) encoding. So the output of the Deep CNN is (19, 19, 425).
Class score¶
Now, for each box (of each cell) we will compute the following element-wise product and extract a probability that the box contains a certain class.
The class score is $score_{c,i} = p_{c} \times c_{i}$: the probability that there is an object $p_{c}$ times the probability that the object is a certain class $c_{i}$.
Visualizing classes¶
Here's one way to visualize what YOLO is predicting on an image:
- For each of the 19x19 grid cells, find the maximum of the probability scores (taking a max across the 80 classes, one maximum for each of the 5 anchor boxes).
- Color that grid cell according to what object that grid cell considers the most likely.
Note that this visualization isn't a core part of the YOLO algorithm itself for making predictions; it's just a nice way of visualizing an intermediate result of the algorithm.
Visualizing bounding boxes¶
Another way to visualize YOLO's output is to plot the bounding boxes that it outputs.
Non-Max suppression¶
we would like to reduce the algorithm's output to a much smaller number of detected objects.
To do so, we'll use non-max suppression. Specifically, we'll carry out these steps:
- Get rid of boxes with a low score (meaning, the box is not very confident about detecting a class; either due to the low probability of any object, or low probability of this particular class).
- Select only one box when several boxes overlap with each other and detect the same object.
2.2 - Filtering with a threshold on class scores¶
We are going to first apply a filter by thresholding. We would like to get rid of any box for which the class "score" is less than a chosen threshold.
The model gives us a total of 19x19x5x85 numbers, with each box described by 85 numbers. It is convenient to rearrange the (19,19,5,85) (or (19,19,425)) dimensional tensor into the following variables:
box_confidence: tensor of shape $(19 \times 19, 5, 1)$ containing $p_c$ (confidence probability that there's some object) for each of the 5 boxes predicted in each of the 19x19 cells.boxes: tensor of shape $(19 \times 19, 5, 4)$ containing the midpoint and dimensions $(b_x, b_y, b_h, b_w)$ for each of the 5 boxes in each cell.box_class_probs: tensor of shape $(19 \times 19, 5, 80)$ containing the "class probabilities" $(c_1, c_2, ... c_{80})$ for each of the 80 classes for each of the 5 boxes per cell.
Implement yolo_filter_boxes().¶
Compute box scores by doing the elementwise product as described in Figure 4 ($p \times c$).
The following code may help us choose the right operator:a = np.random.randn(19*19, 5, 1) b = np.random.randn(19*19, 5, 80) c = a * b # shape of c will be (19*19, 5, 80)
This is an example of broadcasting (multiplying vectors of different sizes).
For each box, find:
- the index of the class with the maximum box score
the corresponding box score
Additional Hints
- For the
axisparameter ofargmaxandmax, if we want to select the last axis, one way to do so is to setaxis=-1. This is similar to Python array indexing, where we can select the last position of an array usingarrayname[-1]. - Applying
maxnormally collapses the axis for which the maximum is applied.keepdims=Falseis the default option, and allows that dimension to be removed. We don't need to keep the last dimension after applying the maximum here. - Even though the documentation shows
keras.backend.argmax, usekeras.argmax. Similarly, usekeras.max.
- For the
Create a mask by using a threshold. As a reminder:
([0.9, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.1] < 0.4)returns:[False, True, False, False, True]. The mask should be True for the boxes you want to keep.Use TensorFlow to apply the mask to
box_class_scores,boxesandbox_classesto filter out the boxes we don't want. We should be left with just the subset of boxes we want to keep.
def yolo_filter_boxes(box_confidence, boxes, box_class_probs, threshold = .6):
"""Filters YOLO boxes by thresholding on object and class confidence.
Arguments:
box_confidence -- tensor of shape (19, 19, 5, 1)
boxes -- tensor of shape (19, 19, 5, 4)
box_class_probs -- tensor of shape (19, 19, 5, 80)
threshold -- real value, if [ highest class probability score < threshold], then get rid of the corresponding box
Returns:
scores -- tensor of shape (None,), containing the class probability score for selected boxes
boxes -- tensor of shape (None, 4), containing (b_x, b_y, b_h, b_w) coordinates of selected boxes
classes -- tensor of shape (None,), containing the index of the class detected by the selected boxes
Note: "None" is here because you don't know the exact number of selected boxes, as it depends on the threshold.
For example, the actual output size of scores would be (10,) if there are 10 boxes.
"""
# Step 1: Compute box scores
box_scores = box_confidence*box_class_probs
# Step 2: Find the box_classes using the max box_scores, keep track of the corresponding score
box_classes = K.argmax(box_scores,axis=-1)
box_class_scores = K.max(box_scores,axis=-1)
# Step 3: Create a filtering mask based on "box_class_scores" by using "threshold". The mask should have the
# same dimension as box_class_scores, and be True for the boxes we want to keep (with probability >= threshold)
filtering_mask = box_class_scores >= threshold
# Step 4: Apply the mask to box_class_scores, boxes and box_classes
scores = tf.boolean_mask(box_class_scores, filtering_mask)
boxes = tf.boolean_mask(boxes, filtering_mask)
classes = tf.boolean_mask(box_classes, filtering_mask)
return scores, boxes, classes
with tf.Session() as test_a:
box_confidence = tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 1], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
boxes = tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 4], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
box_class_probs = tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 80], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_filter_boxes(box_confidence, boxes, box_class_probs, threshold = 0.5)
print("scores[2] = " + str(scores[2].eval()))
print("boxes[2] = " + str(boxes[2].eval()))
print("classes[2] = " + str(classes[2].eval()))
print("scores.shape = " + str(scores.shape))
print("boxes.shape = " + str(boxes.shape))
print("classes.shape = " + str(classes.shape))
Note In the test for yolo_filter_boxes, we're using random numbers to test the function. In real data, the box_class_probs would contain non-zero values between 0 and 1 for the probabilities. The box coordinates in boxes would also be chosen so that lengths and heights are non-negative.
2.3 - Non-max suppression¶
Even after filtering by thresholding over the class scores, we still end up with a lot of overlapping boxes. A second filter for selecting the right boxes is called non-maximum suppression (NMS).
Running non-max suppression (NMS) will select only the most accurate (highest probability) of the boxes.
Non-max suppression uses the very important function called "Intersection over Union", or IoU.
Implement iou().¶
- In this code, we use the convention that (0,0) is the top-left corner of an image, (1,0) is the upper-right corner, and (1,1) is the lower-right corner. In other words, the (0,0) origin starts at the top left corner of the image. As x increases, we move to the right. As y increases, we move down.
- For this exercise, we define a box using its two corners: upper left $(x_1, y_1)$ and lower right $(x_2,y_2)$, instead of using the midpoint, height and width. (This makes it a bit easier to calculate the intersection).
- To calculate the area of a rectangle, multiply its height $(y_2 - y_1)$ by its width $(x_2 - x_1)$. (Since $(x_1,y_1)$ is the top left and $x_2,y_2$ are the bottom right, these differences should be non-negative.
- To find the intersection of the two boxes $(xi_{1}, yi_{1}, xi_{2}, yi_{2})$:
- Feel free to draw some examples on paper to clarify this conceptually.
- The top left corner of the intersection $(xi_{1}, yi_{1})$ is found by comparing the top left corners $(x_1, y_1)$ of the two boxes and finding a vertex that has an x-coordinate that is closer to the right, and y-coordinate that is closer to the bottom.
- The bottom right corner of the intersection $(xi_{2}, yi_{2})$ is found by comparing the bottom right corners $(x_2,y_2)$ of the two boxes and finding a vertex whose x-coordinate is closer to the left, and the y-coordinate that is closer to the top.
- The two boxes may have no intersection. You can detect this if the intersection coordinates you calculate end up being the top right and/or bottom left corners of an intersection box. Another way to think of this is if you calculate the height $(y_2 - y_1)$ or width $(x_2 - x_1)$ and find that at least one of these lengths is negative, then there is no intersection (intersection area is zero).
- The two boxes may intersect at the edges or vertices, in which case the intersection area is still zero. This happens when either the height or width (or both) of the calculated intersection is zero.
Additional Hints
xi1= maximum of the x1 coordinates of the two boxesyi1= maximum of the y1 coordinates of the two boxesxi2= minimum of the x2 coordinates of the two boxesyi2= minimum of the y2 coordinates of the two boxesinter_area= You can usemax(height, 0)andmax(width, 0)
def iou(box1, box2):
"""Implement the intersection over union (IoU) between box1 and box2
   Â
Arguments:
box1 -- first box, list object with coordinates (box1_x1, box1_y1, box1_x2, box_1_y2)
    box2 -- second box, list object with coordinates (box2_x1, box2_y1, box2_x2, box2_y2)
    """
# Assign variable names to coordinates for clarity
(box1_x1, box1_y1, box1_x2, box1_y2) = box1
(box2_x1, box2_y1, box2_x2, box2_y2) = box2
# Calculate the (yi1, xi1, yi2, xi2) coordinates of the intersection of box1 and box2. Calculate its Area.
xi1 = max(box1_x1,box2_x1)
yi1 = max(box1_y1,box2_y1)
xi2 = min(box1_x2,box2_x2)
yi2 = min(box1_y2,box2_y2)
inter_width = (xi2-xi1)
inter_height =(yi2-yi1)
inter_area = max(inter_height, 0)*max(inter_width, 0)
# Calculate the Union area by using Formula: Union(A,B) = A + B - Inter(A,B)
box1_area = abs(box1_x1-box1_x2)*abs(box1_y1-box1_y2)
box2_area = abs(box2_x1-box2_x2)*abs(box2_y1-box2_y2)
union_area = box1_area+box2_area-inter_area
# compute the IoU
iou = inter_area/union_area
return iou
## Test case 1: boxes intersect
box1 = (2, 1, 4, 3)
box2 = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print("iou for intersecting boxes = " + str(iou(box1, box2)))
## Test case 2: boxes do not intersect
box1 = (1,2,3,4)
box2 = (5,6,7,8)
print("iou for non-intersecting boxes = " + str(iou(box1,box2)))
## Test case 3: boxes intersect at vertices only
box1 = (1,1,2,2)
box2 = (2,2,3,3)
print("iou for boxes that only touch at vertices = " + str(iou(box1,box2)))
## Test case 4: boxes intersect at edge only
box1 = (1,1,3,3)
box2 = (2,3,3,4)
print("iou for boxes that only touch at edges = " + str(iou(box1,box2)))
YOLO non-max suppression¶
We are now ready to implement non-max suppression. The key steps are:
- Select the box that has the highest score.
- Compute the overlap of this box with all other boxes, and remove boxes that overlap significantly (iou >=
iou_threshold). - Go back to step 1 and iterate until there are no more boxes with a lower score than the currently selected box.
This will remove all boxes that have a large overlap with the selected boxes. Only the "best" boxes remain.
Implement yolo_non_max_suppression() using TensorFlow. TensorFlow has two built-in functions that are used to implement non-max suppression (so we don't actually need to use our iou() implementation).
def yolo_non_max_suppression(scores, boxes, classes, max_boxes = 10, iou_threshold = 0.5):
"""
Applies Non-max suppression (NMS) to set of boxes
Arguments:
scores -- tensor of shape (None,), output of yolo_filter_boxes()
boxes -- tensor of shape (None, 4), output of yolo_filter_boxes() that have been scaled to the image size (see later)
classes -- tensor of shape (None,), output of yolo_filter_boxes()
max_boxes -- integer, maximum number of predicted boxes we would like
iou_threshold -- real value, "intersection over union" threshold used for NMS filtering
Returns:
scores -- tensor of shape (, None), predicted score for each box
boxes -- tensor of shape (4, None), predicted box coordinates
classes -- tensor of shape (, None), predicted class for each box
Note: The "None" dimension of the output tensors has obviously to be less than max_boxes. Note also that this
function will transpose the shapes of scores, boxes, classes. This is made for convenience.
"""
max_boxes_tensor = K.variable(max_boxes, dtype='int32') # tensor to be used in tf.image.non_max_suppression()
K.get_session().run(tf.variables_initializer([max_boxes_tensor])) # initialize variable max_boxes_tensor
# Use tf.image.non_max_suppression() to get the list of indices corresponding to boxes we keep
nms_indices = tf.image.non_max_suppression(
boxes,
scores,
max_boxes_tensor,
iou_threshold=iou_threshold,
name=None
)
# Use K.gather() to select only nms_indices from scores, boxes and classes
scores = K.gather(scores,nms_indices)
boxes = K.gather(boxes,nms_indices)
classes = K.gather(classes,nms_indices)
return scores, boxes, classes
with tf.Session() as test_b:
scores = tf.random_normal([54,], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
boxes = tf.random_normal([54, 4], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
classes = tf.random_normal([54,], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1)
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_non_max_suppression(scores, boxes, classes)
print("scores[2] = " + str(scores[2].eval()))
print("boxes[2] = " + str(boxes[2].eval()))
print("classes[2] = " + str(classes[2].eval()))
print("scores.shape = " + str(scores.eval().shape))
print("boxes.shape = " + str(boxes.eval().shape))
print("classes.shape = " + str(classes.eval().shape))
2.4 Wrapping up the filtering¶
It's time to implement a function taking the output of the deep CNN (the 19x19x5x85 dimensional encoding) and filtering through all the boxes using the functions we have just implemented.
Implement yolo_eval() which takes the output of the YOLO encoding and filters the boxes using score threshold and NMS. There's just one last implementational detail we have to know. There're a few ways of representing boxes, such as via their corners or via their midpoint and height/width. YOLO converts between a few such formats at different times, using the following functions (which we have provided):
boxes = yolo_boxes_to_corners(box_xy, box_wh)
which converts the yolo box coordinates (x,y,w,h) to box corners' coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) to fit the input of yolo_filter_boxes
boxes = scale_boxes(boxes, image_shape)
YOLO's network was trained to run on 608x608 images. If you are testing this data on a different size image--for example, the car detection dataset had 720x1280 images--this step rescales the boxes so that they can be plotted on top of the original 720x1280 image.
Don't worry about these two functions; we'll show you where they need to be called.
def yolo_eval(yolo_outputs, image_shape = (720., 1280.), max_boxes=10, score_threshold=.6, iou_threshold=.5):
"""
Converts the output of YOLO encoding (a lot of boxes) to your predicted boxes along with their scores, box coordinates and classes.
Arguments:
yolo_outputs -- output of the encoding model (for image_shape of (608, 608, 3)), contains 4 tensors:
box_confidence: tensor of shape (None, 19, 19, 5, 1)
box_xy: tensor of shape (None, 19, 19, 5, 2)
box_wh: tensor of shape (None, 19, 19, 5, 2)
box_class_probs: tensor of shape (None, 19, 19, 5, 80)
image_shape -- tensor of shape (2,) containing the input shape, in this notebook we use (608., 608.) (has to be float32 dtype)
max_boxes -- integer, maximum number of predicted boxes you'd like
score_threshold -- real value, if [ highest class probability score < threshold], then get rid of the corresponding box
iou_threshold -- real value, "intersection over union" threshold used for NMS filtering
Returns:
scores -- tensor of shape (None, ), predicted score for each box
boxes -- tensor of shape (None, 4), predicted box coordinates
classes -- tensor of shape (None,), predicted class for each box
"""
# Retrieve outputs of the YOLO model (≈1 line)
box_confidence, box_xy, box_wh, box_class_probs = yolo_outputs
# Convert boxes to be ready for filtering functions (convert boxes box_xy and box_wh to corner coordinates)
boxes = yolo_boxes_to_corners(box_xy, box_wh)
# Use one of the functions you've implemented to perform Score-filtering with a threshold of score_threshold (≈1 line)
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_filter_boxes(box_confidence, boxes, box_class_probs, threshold = score_threshold)
# Scale boxes back to original image shape.
boxes = scale_boxes(boxes, image_shape)
# Use one of the functions you've implemented to perform Non-max suppression with
# maximum number of boxes set to max_boxes and a threshold of iou_threshold (≈1 line)
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_non_max_suppression(scores, boxes, classes)
return scores, boxes, classes
with tf.Session() as test_b:
yolo_outputs = (tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 1], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1),
tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 2], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1),
tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 2], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1),
tf.random_normal([19, 19, 5, 80], mean=1, stddev=4, seed = 1))
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_eval(yolo_outputs)
print("scores[2] = " + str(scores[2].eval()))
print("boxes[2] = " + str(boxes[2].eval()))
print("classes[2] = " + str(classes[2].eval()))
print("scores.shape = " + str(scores.eval().shape))
print("boxes.shape = " + str(boxes.eval().shape))
print("classes.shape = " + str(classes.eval().shape))
Summary for YOLO:¶
- Input image (608, 608, 3)
- The input image goes through a CNN, resulting in a (19,19,5,85) dimensional output.
- After flattening the last two dimensions, the output is a volume of shape (19, 19, 425):
- Each cell in a 19x19 grid over the input image gives 425 numbers.
- 425 = 5 x 85 because each cell contains predictions for 5 boxes, corresponding to 5 anchor boxes, as seen in lecture.
- 85 = 5 + 80 where 5 is because $(p_c, b_x, b_y, b_h, b_w)$ has 5 numbers, and 80 is the number of classes we'd like to detect
- we then select only few boxes based on:
- Score-thresholding: throw away boxes that have detected a class with a score less than the threshold
- Non-max suppression: Compute the Intersection over Union and avoid selecting overlapping boxes
- This gives you YOLO's final output.
3 - Test YOLO pre-trained model on images¶
In this part, we are going to use a pre-trained model and test it on the car detection dataset. We'll need a session to execute the computation graph and evaluate the tensors.
sess = K.get_session()
3.1 - Defining classes, anchors and image shape.¶
- Recall that we are trying to detect 80 classes, and are using 5 anchor boxes.
- We have gathered the information on the 80 classes and 5 boxes in two files "coco_classes.txt" and "yolo_anchors.txt".
- We'll read class names and anchors from text files.
- The car detection dataset has 720x1280 images, which we've pre-processed into 608x608 images.
class_names = read_classes("model_data/coco_classes.txt")
anchors = read_anchors("model_data/yolo_anchors.txt")
image_shape = (720., 1280.)
3.2 - Loading a pre-trained model¶
- Training a YOLO model takes a very long time and requires a fairly large dataset of labelled bounding boxes for a large range of target classes.
- You are going to load an existing pre-trained Keras YOLO model stored in "yolo.h5".
- These weights come from the official YOLO website, and were converted using a function written by Allan Zelener. Run the cell below to load the model from this file.
yolo_model = load_model("model_data/yolo.h5")
This loads the weights of a trained YOLO model. Here's a summary of the layers your model contains.
yolo_model.summary()
3.3 - Convert output of the model to usable bounding box tensors¶
The output of yolo_model is a (m, 19, 19, 5, 85) tensor that needs to pass through non-trivial processing and conversion. The following cell does that for us.
yolo_outputs = yolo_head(yolo_model.output, anchors, len(class_names))
We added yolo_outputs to your graph. This set of 4 tensors is ready to be used as input by our yolo_eval function.
3.4 - Filtering boxes¶
yolo_outputs gave us all the predicted boxes of yolo_model in the correct format. We're now ready to perform filtering and select only the best boxes. Let's now call yolo_eval, which you had previously implemented, to do this.
scores, boxes, classes = yolo_eval(yolo_outputs, image_shape)
3.5 - Run the graph on an image¶
Let the fun begin. We have created a graph that can be summarized as follows:
- yolo_model.input is given to
yolo_model. The model is used to compute the output yolo_model.output - yolo_model.output is processed by
yolo_head. It gives you yolo_outputs - yolo_outputs goes through a filtering function,
yolo_eval. It outputs your predictions: scores, boxes, classes
Implement predict() which runs the graph to test YOLO on an image.
You will need to run a TensorFlow session, to have it compute scores, boxes, classes.
The code below also uses the following function:
image, image_data = preprocess_image("images/" + image_file, model_image_size = (608, 608))
which outputs:
- image: a python (PIL) representation of your image used for drawing boxes. We won't need to use it.
- image_data: a numpy-array representing the image. This will be the input to the CNN.
When a model uses BatchNorm (as is the case in YOLO), We will need to pass an additional placeholder in the feed_dict {K.learning_phase(): 0}.
Hint: Using the TensorFlow Session object¶
- Recall that above, we called
K.get_Session()and saved the Session object insess. - To evaluate a list of tensors, we call
sess.run()like this:sess.run(fetches=[tensor1,tensor2,tensor3], feed_dict={yolo_model.input: the_input_variable, K.learning_phase():0 } - Notice that the variables
scores, boxes, classesare not passed into thepredictfunction, but these are global variables that we will use within thepredictfunction.
def predict(sess, image_file):
"""
Runs the graph stored in "sess" to predict boxes for "image_file". Prints and plots the predictions.
Arguments:
sess -- your tensorflow/Keras session containing the YOLO graph
image_file -- name of an image stored in the "images" folder.
Returns:
out_scores -- tensor of shape (None, ), scores of the predicted boxes
out_boxes -- tensor of shape (None, 4), coordinates of the predicted boxes
out_classes -- tensor of shape (None, ), class index of the predicted boxes
Note: "None" actually represents the number of predicted boxes, it varies between 0 and max_boxes.
"""
# Preprocess our image
image, image_data = preprocess_image("images/" + image_file, model_image_size = (608, 608))
# Run the session with the correct tensors and choose the correct placeholders in the feed_dict.
# We'll need to use feed_dict={yolo_model.input: ... , K.learning_phase(): 0})
out_scores, out_boxes, out_classes = sess.run(fetches=[scores,boxes,classes],
feed_dict={yolo_model.input: image_data, K.learning_phase():0})
# Print predictions info
print('Found {} boxes for {}'.format(len(out_boxes), image_file))
# Generate colors for drawing bounding boxes.
colors = generate_colors(class_names)
# Draw bounding boxes on the image file
draw_boxes(image, out_scores, out_boxes, out_classes, class_names, colors)
# Save the predicted bounding box on the image
image.save(os.path.join("out", image_file), quality=90)
# Display the results in the notebook
output_image = scipy.misc.imread(os.path.join("out", image_file))
imshow(output_image)
return out_scores, out_boxes, out_classes
Run the following cell on the "test.jpg" image to verify that our function is correct.
out_scores, out_boxes, out_classes = predict(sess, "test.jpg")
What we should remember:
- YOLO is a state-of-the-art object detection model that is fast and accurate
- It runs an input image through a CNN which outputs a 19x19x5x85 dimensional volume.
- The encoding can be seen as a grid where each of the 19x19 cells contains information about 5 boxes.
- We filter through all the boxes using non-max suppression. Specifically:
- Score thresholding on the probability of detecting a class to keep only accurate (high probability) boxes
- Intersection over Union (IoU) thresholding to eliminate overlapping boxes
- Because training a YOLO model from randomly initialized weights is non-trivial and requires a large dataset as well as lot of computation, we used previously trained model parameters in this tutorial. If we wish, we can also try fine-tuning the YOLO model with your own dataset, though this would be a fairly non-trivial exercise.